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SRAC# 464

Interactions of pH, Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and Hardness in Fish Ponds

William A. Wurts and Robert M. Durborow


Opening Paragraph:
Water quality in fish ponds is affected by the interactions of several chemical components. Carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity and hardness are interrelated and can have profound effects on pond productivity, the level of stress and fish health, oxygen availability and the toxicity of ammonia as well as that of certain metals. Most features of water quality are not constant. Carbon dioxide and pH concentrations fluctuate or cycle daily. Alkalinity and hardness are relatively stable but can change over time, usually weeks to months, depending on the pH or mineral content of watershed and bottom soils.
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